tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39276451729313252062024-03-13T06:08:06.141-07:00La contaminación por petróleo y sus derivadosla contaminación por petróleohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12637485045155236830noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3927645172931325206.post-74836719783121025902011-05-18T17:56:00.000-07:002011-06-02T10:06:16.841-07:00La contaminación por petróleo y sus derivados<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MXCaD3g0OAA/TdSDvjC4m4I/AAAAAAAAAAk/ywPV5gH3ZhM/s1600/images.jpegas.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MXCaD3g0OAA/TdSDvjC4m4I/AAAAAAAAAAk/ywPV5gH3ZhM/s1600/images.jpegas.jpeg" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"> OBJETIVOS.-</span></b></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"> El presente trabajo pretende establecer, responsabilidades por los daños producidos por la contaminación por petróleo y sus derivados.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"> Del mismo modo también mostrar los efectos que produce el petróleo en animales, plantas y el impacto ambiental que produce.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mgNXpKZtem0/Tee-p_vpoDI/AAAAAAAAADI/C8Ym-S7SEkk/s1600/images.jpeg16.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mgNXpKZtem0/Tee-p_vpoDI/AAAAAAAAADI/C8Ym-S7SEkk/s1600/images.jpeg16.jpeg" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><b><u>INTRODUCCIÓN.-</u></b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"> Los derrames de petróleo, cada día más frecuentes en los océanos, dejan estelas de contaminación de efectos a largo plazo. La formación de una película impermeable sobre el agua en las zonas de derrame afecta rápida y directamente a aves y mamíferos acuáticos ya que obstruye el intercambio gaseoso y desvía los rayos luminosos que permiten la fotosíntesis en la vida marina. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"> Las capas de petróleo en el océano son degradadas por bacterias pero es un proceso lento en aguas calientes y mucho más lento en aguas frías. Los componentes pesados del petróleo se hunden hasta el fondo del mar y pueden matar organismos que habitan en las profundidades. Además los que quedan vivos no son adecuados para su consumo.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--U4awNk66SE/Tee_11QpkpI/AAAAAAAAADU/pgptfTatGJg/s1600/petroleo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="314" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--U4awNk66SE/Tee_11QpkpI/AAAAAAAAADU/pgptfTatGJg/s320/petroleo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"> Los </span><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">productos derivados especiales finales del petróleo (petróleo refinado) son:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Combustibles gaseosos tales como el propano</span></li>
</ul><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Gasolinas líquidas fabricadas para automóviles y aviación</span></li>
</ul><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Lubricantes como los aceites para maquinarias, de motor y grasas.</span></li>
</ul><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Ceras (parafinas), utilizadas en el envase de alimentos congelados entre otros</span></li>
</ul><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Azufre del petróleo usado como precursor del óleum</span></li>
</ul><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Basura brea se usa en alquitrán y grava para techos</span></li>
</ul><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Asfalto</span></li>
</ul><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Productos de plástico</span></li>
</ul><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xKm5wqIY14o/Tee-r8i9WdI/AAAAAAAAADQ/8JeobUnzH40/s1600/images.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xKm5wqIY14o/Tee-r8i9WdI/AAAAAAAAADQ/8JeobUnzH40/s1600/images.jpeg" /></a></div><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><br />
<span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"> </span><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
panose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:70.85pt 3.0cm 70.85pt 3.0cm;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:84693156;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-1031401958 1074397185 1074397187 1074397189 1074397185 1074397187 1074397189 1074397185 1074397187 1074397189;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:71.25pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
-->
</style> </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">La contaminación petróleo crudo o por petróleo refinado es generada accidental o deliberadamente desde diferentes fuentes. Algunos investigadores consideran que la contaminación por petróleo proviene de los accidentes de los buque-tanques y de las fugas en los equipos de perforación marina, sin embargo, otros consideran que es cuestión de propaganda, ya que casi el 50% del petróleo que llega a los mares y los océanos proviene de tierra firme, del que es arrojado al suelo por las personas en las ciudades y en zonas industriales que luego son arrastrados por las corrientes fluviales hasta terminar en los océanos. Algunos investigadores consideran que los accidentes de los buque-tanques son responsables solamente del 10 al 15% del ingreso anual del petróleo al océano, pero los derrames concentrados pueden causar grandes impactos ecológicos y económicos sobre las áreas costeras.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VaVxTeTROwQ/Tee6nw3ZqRI/AAAAAAAAACg/gh4ylHvJIoE/s1600/images.jpegasdfasd.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VaVxTeTROwQ/Tee6nw3ZqRI/AAAAAAAAACg/gh4ylHvJIoE/s1600/images.jpegasdfasd.jpeg" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"> DAÑO AMBIENTAL<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"> Se considera importante a los efectos de determinar la responsabilidad y la cuantía de los daños. El daño ambiental, puede definirse como el daño que se produce sobre el patrimonio ambiental, afectando a la colectividad, intereses legítimos de una persona determinada. Se configura cuando la degradación de los elementos que constituyen el medio ambiente o el entorno ecológico, adquiere cierta gravedad que excede los niveles guía de calidad, estándares o parámetros que constituyen el límite de la tolerancia que la convivencia impone necesariamente.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0cm;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><object class="BLOG_video_class" contentid="FAILED" height="266" id="BLOG_video-FAILED-0" width="320"></object></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Son los efectos sobre la fauna y la flora son los más perjudiciales, pues a menudo son irreversibles.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Pt_Gr69UU-E/Tee9KRkpISI/AAAAAAAAAC0/ePpGeoUI8CA/s1600/ave-petroleada-a-consecuencia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Pt_Gr69UU-E/Tee9KRkpISI/AAAAAAAAAC0/ePpGeoUI8CA/s1600/ave-petroleada-a-consecuencia.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"> Podemos sintetizar el resultado de una contaminación por sus dos principales efectos:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 71.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Efectos mecánicos: La existencia de una película en la interface agua-aire por consecuencia la perturbación de los intercambios gaseosos, lo que provoca una disminución del proceso de auto depuración por la disminución de la capacidad de re-oxigenación del medio.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CS2cqiokb3Y/Tee6prB6u0I/AAAAAAAAACo/DTC7XMDEt2c/s1600/images.jpegqwer.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CS2cqiokb3Y/Tee6prB6u0I/AAAAAAAAACo/DTC7XMDEt2c/s1600/images.jpegqwer.jpeg" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 71.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Efectos tóxicos: La penetración de los componentes tóxicos del petróleo puede traer como consecuencia la inhibición del metabolismo, acumulación de tóxicos a nivel de la membrana celular provocando la inhibición de los intercambios entre la célula y el mundo exterior; modificación de las propiedades físicas del medios tales como la tensión superficial, el pH, la temperatura, el potencial de óxido reducción; la precipitación de elementos minerales indispensables para la vida de los microorganismos y plancton.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 71.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 71.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
panose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:70.85pt 3.0cm 70.85pt 3.0cm;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:1990475225;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-501029330 1074397185 1074397187 1074397189 1074397185 1074397187 1074397189 1074397185 1074397187 1074397189;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:71.4pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
-->
</style><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Principales propiedades del petróleo que influyen sobre el ambiente son las siguientes:<o:p></o:p></span></span> </div><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Toxicidad: Son letales para casi todos los organismos terrestres y marinos<o:p></o:p><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></li>
</ul><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Solubilidad: Son insolubles en agua. Los derivados del benceno y los naftalenos pueden solubilizarse en agua <o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Biodegradabilidad: La biodegradación del petróleo es función de sus características y peso molecular de sus componentes, por lo cual la tasa de degradación debe estudiarse y referirse al tipo de petróleo producido. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Volatilidad, densidad y actividad superficial: Indican las tendencias del petróleo y de sus componentes a la evaporación, a hundirse o a dispersarse fácilmente o no.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Carcinogenecidad: Varios componentes del petróleo tienen sustancias potencialmente carcinógenas. </span></span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8iisFKytHvY/Tee6qjFYmdI/AAAAAAAAACs/GHx0BbxMFuw/s1600/%25C3%25ADndice.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8iisFKytHvY/Tee6qjFYmdI/AAAAAAAAACs/GHx0BbxMFuw/s1600/%25C3%25ADndice.jpeg" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
panose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:70.85pt 3.0cm 70.85pt 3.0cm;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">RESPONSABILIDAD INTERNACIONAL EN EL DERECHO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"> Con el esbozo del principio rector en la materia, “quien contamina paga”, se comienza a considerar la obligación, para quien realice un daño por contaminación al medio ambiente, de repararlo. Sin embargo, este principio corre el riesgo de ser mal interpretado si se entiende quien pague tiene derecho a contaminar. Pero en la práctica no siempre paga quien contamina.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xDJmhPahnSg/Tee9mQxN_gI/AAAAAAAAADE/jA8WePGpFGk/s1600/MEDIOAMBIENTE%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xDJmhPahnSg/Tee9mQxN_gI/AAAAAAAAADE/jA8WePGpFGk/s1600/MEDIOAMBIENTE%255B1%255D.jpg" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
panose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:70.85pt 3.0cm 70.85pt 3.0cm;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Así en 1969 se dio el Convenio Internacional sobre Responsabilidad Civil por contaminación de las aguas del mar por hidrocarburos, cuyo objetivo radica en unificar reglas, métodos, conceptos, fijar montos limitados para otorgar una indemnización adecuada a quienes sufran daños causados por la contaminación </span> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CWindows%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
panose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:ES-BO;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:70.85pt 3.0cm 70.85pt 3.0cm;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="line-height: 115%;">Como se puede apreciar muchas leyes, convenio, tratados fueron llevados a cabo y aún así el problema sigue vigente y es muy poco probable que éste llegue a desaparecer rápidamente pues solo si coadyuvamos todos lograremos llegar a esta meta.</span> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="ES-BO" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><br />
<br />
la contaminación por petróleohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12637485045155236830noreply@blogger.com21